Estudo epidemiológico das queratites infeciosas internadas num centro hospitalar terciário - revisão de 5 anos / Epidemiological study of infeccious keratitis in inpatients of a terciary hospital center - revision of 5 years

Resumo Objetivo: A queratite infeciosa é uma doença de incidência relativamente elevada e é responsável por um número importante de internamentos. Neste estudo pretende-se estudar diversas características epidemiológicas e clínicas associadas às queratites infeciosas de alto risco num hospital terciário em Portugal. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo, onde foram incluídos todos os doentes internados por abcesso da córnea no Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), entre Abril de 2013 a Março de 2018. Caracterizou-se a população em relação aos fatores de risco, apresentação clínica, tempo de internamento, resultados de culturas, resistência antibiótica in vitro, tratamento efetuado e resultado funcional. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 105 doentes. Os principais fatores de risco foram antecedentes de cirurgia de córnea, uso de lentes de contacto e história recente de trauma ocular. 74,3% dos doentes tiveram cultura positiva com 87,9% a corresponderem a cultura bacteriana pura, sendo a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e o Streptococcus pneumoniae os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes. 27,9% das culturas positivas eram resistentes a 3 ou mais classes de antibióticos. Todos os doentes iniciaram tratamento com colírios fortificados. 29,5% dos doentes necessitaram de realizar transplante de córnea. Ao final de 6 meses de seguimento, apenas 20,9% apresentavam AV>20/40. Conclusão: Na maioria dos casos, a etiologia foi bacteriana. Observou-se um número considerável de bactérias multirresistentes. Apesar do tratamento ter permitido uma melhoria da visão na maioria dos casos, um número considerável de doentes ficou com sequelas visuais importantes.

Abstract Objective: Infectious keratitis is a pathology with a high incidence and is responsible for a large number of prolonged stay hospital admissions. The purpose was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical data associated with high risk microbial keratitis at a central hospital in Portugal. Methods: A retrospective study of all inpatients presenting with corneal abscess in Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, from April 2013 to March 2018 was performed. Target population was characterized by risk factors, clinical features, length of stay, culture results, in vitro antibiotic resistance, treatment and outcome. Results: This study included 105 patients. The main risk factors were previous corneal surgery, contact lenses wear and recent history of ocular trauma. 74.3% of patients had a positive culture, 87.9% of these corresponding to a pure bacterial culture, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogens. 27.9% of positive cultures were resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics. All patients began treatment with fortified drops. 29.5% of patients required a corneal transplant. After 6 months of follow-up, only 20.9% presented a VA>20/40. Conclusion: Most cases were caused by bacteria. A considerable number of multi-resistant bacteria was identified. Despite most cases having improved after treatment, a large number of patients had a significant visual acuity sequelae.

Contact lens-related bilateral and simultaneous Acremonium keratitis / Ceratite bilateral e simultânea por Acremonium relacionada ao uso de lentes de contato

Abstract This is a case of bilateral and simultaneous Acremonium keratitis related to intermittent and alternating eye soft contact lens use, which has a delayed diagnose, presented amphotericin B resistance with persistent hypopyon and had a positive response to topical natamycin. Besides the unusual presentation, there was no history of trauma or contact with vegetable matter, usually associated to the majority of cases of keratomicosys by filamentous fungi.

Resumo Trata-se de um caso de ceratite bilateral e simultânea por Acremonium relacionada ao uso intermitente e sem respeitar a lateralidade do uso de lentes de contato gelatinosas. Houve diagnóstico tardio, apresentando resistência a anfotericina B e hipópio persistente, com resposta positiva a natamicina tópica. Além da forma incomum de apresentação, não houve histórico de trauma ou contato com material vegetal, associado à maioria dos casos de ceratite por fungos filamentosos.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica y microbiológica en úlceras corneales bacterianas y micóticas / Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characterization of bacterial and mycotic ulcers

Objetivo: describir la asociación entre aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos y los resultados microbiológicos en pacientes con queratitis infecciosa ingresados en el Servicio de Córnea del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en el período 2010-2014. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, de 39 ojos. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, tiempo de evolución, tratamiento previo con antibióticos, factores predisponentes y concordancia del tratamiento empírico. Se utilizaron medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, prueba no paramétrica de probabilidad exacta de Fisher, prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y Prueba U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: en los aislamientos de bacterias, el 42,3 por ciento de los pacientes eran menores de 30 años; 53,8 por ciento pertenecían al sexo femenino y el tiempo de evolución promedio fue de 7 días. Los factores predisponentes fueron: enfermedad ocular previa (23,1 %), uso de lentes de contacto (30,8 por ciento) y enfermedades sistémicas (11,5 por ciento). Los mayores de 69 años (46,5 por ciento), el sexo masculino (92,3 por ciento); el tiempo de evolución promedio de 14,5 días y el antecedente de traumatismo ocular no quirúrgico (15,4 por ciento) se observaron en aislamientos micóticos. La perforación corneal se produjo en el 7,7 por ciento de los crecimientos bacterianos; en crecimientos micóticos el 15,4 por ciento desarrolló descemetocele y el 23,1 por ciento perforación corneal. Se realizó queratoplastia penetrante en el 30,8 por ciento(AU) Conclusiones: los aislamientos bacterianos son más frecuentes en pacientes jóvenes, del sexo femenino y con antecedentes de enfermedad ocular previa y uso de lentes de contacto, mientras que la etiología micótica se produce en pacientes del sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años y con antecedentes de trauma corneal no quirúrgico

Objective: to describe the association of clinical and epidemiological aspects with the microbiological results of patients with infectious keratitis, who were admitted to the corneal service of "Ramon Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in the period of 2010 to 2014. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study of 39 eyes. The analyzed variables were age, sex, time of progression, previous antibiotic treatment, predisposing factors and agreement of the empirical treatment. Summary measures for qualitative and quantitative variables; non-parametric Fisher´s exact probability test, Pearson´s Chi square test, and Mann Whitney's U test. Results: in the bacterial isolates, 42.3 percent of patients were younger than 30 years; 53.8 percent were females and average time of progression of disease was 7 days. The predisposing factors were previous eye disease (23.1 percent), use of contact lenses (30.8 percent) and systemic diseases (11.5 percent). Regarding mycotic isolates, patients aged over 69 years (46.5 percent), males (92.3 percent), average time of progression of 14.5 percent and history of non surgical ocular trauma (15.4 percent) predominated. The corneal perforation occurred in 7.7 percent of bacterial infection whereas 15.4 percent developed descemetocele and 23.1 percent corneal perforation in the mycotic infection group. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 30.8 percent of patients. Conclusions: bacterial isolates were more frequent in young female patients with a history of previous ocular diseases and contact lenses whereas mycotic etiology was more commonly observed in males over 60 years and history of non surgical corneal trauma(AU)

Early post-LASIK flap amputation in the treatment of aggressive, branching keratitis: a case report / Amputação precoce de pedículo de LASIK para o tratamento de ceratite ramificada agressiva: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Infectious keratitis is rare following laser vision correction. We present a case of aggressive fungal keratitis caused by Aspergillus flavus, following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the setting of a unique environmental risk factor. We describe the key features of the acute case presentation, which guided empirical medical and surgical treatment, resulting in the most favorable outcome found in the literature, to date.

RESUMO Ceratites infecciosas são raras após a correção da visão a laser. Apresentamos um relato de caso de uma ceratite fúngica agressivo por Aspergillus flavus, após ceratomileuse a laser "in situ" (LASIK) em situação peculiar de fator de risco ambiental. Nós descrevemos as principais características da apresentação caso agudo, que orientou tratamento médico e cirúrgico empírico, demonstrando resultado mais favorável do que o encontrado na literatura até o momento.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted with presumed microbial keratitis to a tertiary medical center in Israel / Características clínicas e desfechos dos pacientes internados com diagnóstico de ceratite microbiana em um centro terciário em Israel

PURPOSES: Microbial keratitis is commonly diagnosed worldwide, and continues to cause significant ocular morbidity, requiring prompt and appropriate treatment. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with presumed microbial keratitis admitted to The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which the medical records of patients with presumed microbial keratitis admitted during a period of 3 years were reviewed. RESULTS: Keratitis was diagnosed in 276 patients (51% males and 48.9% females). The mean age was 39.29 ± 22.30 years. The hospital length of stay ranged from 1 to 65 days (mean 5.69 ± 5.508). Fortified antibiotics were still used at discharge in 72% of the cases. Overall visual acuity improved significantly from the time of admission to the 1st-week follow up visit showing a p<0.001 on the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Contact lens wearing was present in 36.1% of the patients, although there was no significant relation with severity of the presentation and visual outcome (p>0.05). The degree of hypopyon and cells in the anterior chamber was significantly related to the hospital length of stay (r Spearman=0.31; p<0.001 and r Spearman=0.21; p<.001, respectively) as well as to a worse visual outcome (r Spearman=0.32; p<0.01 and r Spearman=0.18; p=0.01, respectively). Of all patients, 2.3% required an urgent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, and 1% underwent evisceration. There was no enucleation. CONCLUSION: Treating keratitis aggressively and assuring patient compliance is imperative for a good final visual outcome. Inpatient treatment may have a positive impact on this outcome.

OBJETIVOS: Ceratite microbiana é comumente diagnosticada em todo mundo e ainda continua a causar uma significante morbidade ocular. É necessário tratá-la de forma imediata e apropriada. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as características clínicas e os desfechos dos pacientes com ceratite microbiana presumida que foram internados no Goldschlager Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal foi realizado onde arquivos hospitalares dos pacientes internados com ceratite microbiana presumida durante um periodo de três anos foram analisados e revisados. RESULTADOS: Ceratite foi diagnosticada em 276 pacientes (51% masculinos e 48,9% femininos). A média de idade foi 39,29 ± 22,30 anos. A duração da internação foi de 1 a 65 dias (média 5,69 ± 5,508). Antibióticos fortificados permaneceram usados na alta em 72% dos casos. A acuidade visual do seguimento da primeira semana após a alta em relação a internação melhorou na media de forma estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001 usando Wilcoxon signed ranks test). O uso de lentes de contato estava presente em 36,1% dos pacientes, porém não houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre a gravidade da apresentação clínica e a acuidade visual nestes pacientes (p>0,05). O grau de hipópio e células na câmara anterior foram estatisticamente significativos em relação ao tempo de internação (r Spearman=0,0.31; p<0,001 and r Spearman=0,21; p<0,001, respectivamente) e para a acuidade visual (r Spearman=0,32; p<0,01 e r Spearman=0,18; p=0,01, respectivamente). De todos os pacientes, apenas 2,3% necessitaram ceratoplastia penetrante urgente e 1% necessitaram evisceração. Não houve enucleações. CONCLUSÕES: Tratar a ceratite de forma agressiva e garantir a aderência do paciente ao tratamento é imperativo para o bom resultado visual final. O tratamento internado pode ter um impacto positivo neste desfecho.

Queratitis fúngica: revisión actual sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento / Fungal keratitis: review of diagnosis and treament

La queratitis fúngica es una infección característica de zonas tropicales, asociada a trauma vegetal. Existen dudas respecto al método diagnóstico óptimo y la efectividad de los tratamientos disponibles. ¿Cuál es el manejo más apropiado en queratitis fúngica? y ¿Cuál es la mejor forma de establecer el diagnóstico? El cultivo para hongos es el gold standard diagnóstico de elementos fúngicos. Respecto al tratamiento, natamicina y anfotericina B fueron los más utilizados y no demostraron efectividad en estudios prospectivos. Voriconazol demostró efectividad en múltiples infecciones fúngicas. Pudiera ser la droga de elección en condiciones óptimas, dado su mejor penetración intraocular. Se ha reconocido su elevado costo dificultando su aplicación generalizada. Esta revisión entrega recomendaciones para el manejo y establece la necesidad de realizar estudios que evalúen la costo-efectividad de voriconazol para la queratitis fúngica.

Fungal keratitis is a characteristic infection upon tropical zones, associated with vegetal trauma. Doubt exists about the best diagnostic test and the effectiveness of available treatment. Which is the best diagnostic method for fungal keratitis? And, which is the best management? Fungal culture remains as diagnostic gold standard of fungal elements. As of treatment, natamycin and amphotericin B are the most popular drugs for fungal keratitis and they have not shown effectiveness in randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews. Voriconazole showed effectiveness and security in multiple fungal infections. It may be the drug of choice in optimal conditions, because of its better ocular penetration and wider coverage. However, its high price difficult general application. This review establishes management recommendations and the need to perform studies that address cost-effectiveness analysis of voriconazole for fungal keratitis.

Candida albicans interface infection after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.

The clinical features of interface Candida keratitis after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), may imitate rejection or crystalline keratopathy. We report here an 18-year-old woman presented with red eye, 4 months after undergoing DALK. Slit lamp examination revealed keratic precipitates (KPs) and cojunctival injection. She was prescribed corticosteroid treatment for endothelial rejection by another ophthalmologist because of misdiagnosis, but suffered a recurrence of symptoms after reduction of the corticosteroid treatment. At that time, she was referred to our office. The recurrence persisted despite antibiotic and antifungal therapies. Ten days after treatment with interface irrigation with amphotericin, the infiltration and hypopyon were resolved. Topical steroid was added after 3 months of antifungal monotherapy. Irrigant cultures confirmed the presence of Candida albicans. The corneal graft appeared semi-clear with no signs of infection at 17-month follow-up. We recommend a close follow-up and a timely intervention to prevent the need for more invasive treatment such as penetrating keratoplasty.

Liver cirrhosis and rhino-orbital mucormycosis, a possible but rare association: description of a clinical case and literature review

Only few cases of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in patients with liver cirrhosis are described in the literature and most of these patients showed an associated diabetes mellitus. We describe a case of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis without other risk factors.

Zigomicose: relato de um caso com comprometimento naso-óculo-cerebral / Zygomycosis: a case with rhino-ocular-cerebral involvement

A zigomicose é uma infecçäo fúngica, aguda ou crônica, com distribuiçäo mundial acometendo principalmente pacientes debilitados, portadores de diabetes melitus descompensados, leucemia e linfomas. A forma crônica subcutânea está, em geral, confinada aos trópicos, com particular prevalência na Africa Central. Em lactentes e pré-escolares, a forma cutânea e gastrintestinal säo as mais comuns, enquanto que em crianças maiores a infecçäo dos seios paranasais é a forma mais habitual. Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 6 anos de idade, com diagnóstico inicial de sinusopatia e submetido a tratamento por um período de 4 meses. Evoluiu para proptose e estrabismo tendo procurado o cirurgiäo de cabeça e pescoço. Após biópsia de órbita foi confirmado diagnóstico de zigomicose, sendo instituído o tratamento antifúngico por 2 meses, havendo melhora clínica. Com a interrupçäo do tratamento houve exacerbaçäo do quadro, tendo sido indicado o reinício do tratamento e remoçäo cirúrgica do tecido comprometido. O paciente procurou outro serviço, onde foi levantada a hipótese diagnóstica de granulomatose de Wegener, evoluindo após o comprometimento cerebral, a óbito

Ulceras corneales micóticas: Experiencia personal en su tratamiento / Mycotic corneal ulcers: personal experience on its treatment

En el presente estudio, comprendido desde Noviembre 1985 hasta Septiembre 1988, se hace una evaluación de los resultados del tratamiento combinado de quetaconazol oral, quetaconazol local y nistatina, efectuado en 11 úlceras corneales micóticas, obteniéndose una curación de 8 casos, lo que representa un 72.7 por ciento , estadísticamente bastante significativo; igualmente se obtuvo un promedio de mejoría de 13 días y un promedio de curación de 59.7 días. Así mismo, revisado el tiempo de tratamiento oral observamos que fue de 67.8 días y el de tratamiento local fue de 72.1 días

Keratomycotic malignant glaucoma.

Malignant Glaucoma due to Keratomycosis is a devastating and poorly recognised complication occurring in a small percentage of treated patients. It is characterized, in cases of Keratomycosis by a raised tension, uniform shallowing of the anterior chamber and a fungus-exudate-iris mass covering the pupillary area. Three cases of 'Keratomycotic Malignant Glaucoma' are discussed here. Two of these were successfully treated with therapeutic keratoplasty, extracapsular lens extraction and systemic antifungals. The development of malignant glaucoma after a therapeutic keratoplasty which occurred in one case has not previously been reported. All the three cases which developed malignant glaucoma had a pupillary size of 4 mm diameter or less and grew Fusarium from the cornea and anterior chamber.

Micosis ocular / Ocular mycosis

Se estudió 10 casos de infección micótica ocular, en los cuales se aisló en 6 oportunidades Fuzarium, en 3 casos Aspergillius y un caso de Candida albicans.